考法 1.从句的嵌套(难度：困难)

从句中嵌套从句是阅读中的难点之一。在阅读时，要分清楚句子中的主从关系，也就是逻辑关系层次的高低。高层次的从句中嵌套低层次的句子，低层次的句子对高层级的句子起到的作用由它的关系词来决定。

【例句】I take further comfort in the fact that the human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5,000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statute of Anne, the world’s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.

【结构】：I take further comfort in the fact 层级1that the human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5,000 years that preceded 1710, 层级2when the Statute of Anne, the world’s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.

翻译：进一步地，我对人类成功在1710年世界上第一个版权法，《安妮法案》在英国议会获得通过之前的5000年之中成功的制造了一些不错的创造性工作感到欣慰。

外层的从句是that引导的同位语从句

内层的从句是when引导的时间状语从句

【例句】The focal point of the magazine’s efforts in this respect came with the rise of Marcus Garvey, the gifted Jamaican leader whose “back-to-Africa” movement, as it was popularly called, was founded on the premise, according to Du Bois, that “a black skin was in itself a sort of patent to nobility.”

【结构】The focal point of the magazine’s efforts in this respect came with the rise of Marcus Garvey, the gifted Jamaican leader 层级1whose “back-to-Africa” movement, as it was popularly called, was founded on the premise, according to Du Bois, 层级2that “a black skin was in itself a sort of patent to nobility.”

翻译：这本杂志工作的焦点从某种意义上说和天才牙买加裔领袖马卡斯加维的崛起有关，他的“回到非洲”(大家都是这么叫的)运动建立在 “黑色的皮肤本身就是高贵的专利”的假设上，按照杜波依斯的说法。

　外层的从句是whose引导的定语从句

　内层的从句是that引导的同位语从句

【例句】Such adaptive myopia is necessary in science because the grinding, repetitive minuteness of daily laboratory work is so time-consuming (for weeks, months, even years at a time) that, often, even to remember the original impetus for the work is a psychological trick of the highest order.

【结构】Such adaptive myopia is necessary in science层级1because the grinding, repetitive minuteness of daily laboratory work is so time-consuming (for weeks, months, even years at a time) 层级2that, often, even to remember the original impetus for the work is a psychological trick of the highest order.

翻译：这样的适应性短视在科学中是必需的：因为那种重复的，细碎的实验室日常工作的细致入微太耗费时间(少说需要几周，几个月，多了可以用好几年的时间)，以至于想记住最初想要这项工作的动力是一个极其难的心理学技巧。

　外层从句是because引导的原因状语从句

　内层从句是so that结构引导的从句

【例句】Pleistocene rewilding will not restore evolutionary potential to North America’s extinct animals, because the species in question are evolutionarily distinct, nor will it restore the ecological potential of North America’s modern ecosystems, because they have continued to evolve over the past 13000 years.

【结构】Pleistocene rewilding will not restore evolutionary potential to North America’s extinct animals, because the species in question are evolutionarily distinct, 层级1nor will it restore the ecological potential of North America’s modern ecosystems, 层级2because they have continued to evolve over the past 13000 years.

翻译：“更新世复兴”不会让北美的灭绝动物们回复它们的进化潜能，因为这些有问题的物种从进化的角度上灭绝了;“更新世复兴”也不会让北美的现代生态系统回复它的生态潜能，因为这些生态系统已经又进化了13,000年。

外层的从句是neither nor引导的平行结构

内层的从句是because引导的状语从句

【例句】Although when we use the word “history” we instinctively think of the past, this is an error, for history is actually a bridge connecting the past with the present and pointing the road to the future.

层级1Although 层级2when we use the word “history” we instinctively think of the past, this is an error, 层级3for history is actually a bridge connecting the past with the present and pointing the road to the future.

翻译：虽然当我们用到“历史”一词时我们直觉会想到过去，这是个错误，因为历史是一座连接过去与未来的桥梁并指向未来。

　外层的从句是Although引导的状语从句

　中层的从句是when引导的时间状语从句

　内层的从句是for引导的原因状语从句

多个层次的定语从句与同位语从句的嵌套是更为常见的情况，阅读是需要辨别不同层级的从句修饰的对象。

【例句】And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform.

【结构】And this separation 定语从句1 the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors law-makers, and judges, 定语从句2who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope 状语从句that this will make them reform.

翻译：警察认为由于人们(市民、社会工作者、医生、立法人员以及法官)头脑简单——比如，法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改过自新——使得他们(警察)与社会之间的隔阂更深一层。

(省略的that)引导定语从句the detective feels，修饰separation

外层定语从句为who引导的定语从句who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform，修饰前面的五个并列的名词;内层定语从句为that引导的目的状语从句

句子主干部分是this separation is deepened

【例句】Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

【结构】Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, 定语从句1which is something 定语从句2the world does not have.

翻译：事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

外层定语从句为which引导的定语从句which is something the world does not have，修饰because引导的状语从句的主语an agreed account of human rights;内层定语从句为(省略的that)引导的定语从句，修饰something

句子主干部分是Actually it isn’t, because it assumes that…, which is…

【例句】Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

【结构】Perhaps the fact 同位语从句many of these first studies considered only algae of a size 定语从句1that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice 定语从句2that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) 定语从句3that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

翻译：可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻，这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物(而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物)的做法，导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。

外层同位语从句为that引导的同位语从句many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton)，修饰the fact;内层定语从句为that引导的定语从句，修饰size

外层定语从句为that引导的定语从句that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on，修饰主语的同位语a practice，内层定语从句为that引导的定语从句，修饰smaller phytoplankton

句子主干部分是the fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers

【例句】For instance, the very women who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intuition of the female heart that he showed in his novels were appalled to discover how insensitive and awkward the real man could be.

【结构】For instance, the very women 定语从句1who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intuition of the female heart 定语从句2that he showed in his novels were appalled to discover how insensitive and awkward the real man could be.

翻译：例如，被他在小说中所表现出的对于女性心灵的敏锐直觉所吸引的女性会很震惊地发现这个男人事实上是多么的迟钝和笨拙。

外层定语从句为who引导的定语从句who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intuition of the female heart that he showed in his novels，修饰women;内层定语为that引导的定语从句，修饰intuition

句子主干部分是the very women were appalled to discover

主句中存在how引导的宾语从句how insensitive and awkward the real man could be

【例句】Captured document which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner-of-war reports that we have obtained in recent months led us to believe that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially.

【结构】Captured document 定语从句1which we have obtained from individuals 定语从句2who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner-of-war reports 定语从句3that we have obtained in recent months led us to believe that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially.

翻译：我们从经由这个走廊渗透进来的人身上缴获的文件，加上近几个月从战俘那里得到的口供，使我们相信，渗透的规模确实扩大了。

外层定语从句为which引导的定语从句which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner-of-war reports that we have obtained in recent months，修饰document;中层定语从句为who引导的定语从句，修饰individuals;内层定语从句为that引导的定语从句，修饰reports

句子主干部分是Captured document led us to believe that…

考法2，从句中的副词(难度：中等)

一些有逻辑作用的副词(如however，yet，nonetheless，nevertheless等)单独出现(不与连词联用)时，副词前后句子逻辑关系即副词所表示的逻辑关系。

【例句】Scientists’ testimonies are used to endorse everything from toothpaste to nuclear power; however, they are also used to challenge the very same things.

翻译：科学家的证据用来证实从牙膏到核能的所有，然而，有时候，也用于质疑这些。

however前后连接转折关系

【例句】Painting has a solid market and therefore is respected in an entrepreneurial society. However, I never intended to be a painter, not seriously, and certainly had no intention of teaching or curating. Nonetheless, I had continued my art history major.

翻译：油画有着牢固的市场，因此，在创业型社会中备受尊重。然而，我从未想过做一名画家，当然，也没不想教书或策划展览。但我仍坚持以艺术历史为专业。

however前后连接转折关系

nonetheless前后连接转折关系

这些副词与连词联用时，例如在Although SVO, nonetheless SVO.中nonetheless并不具有二次取反的逻辑作用，而只是起到对Although所表示转折语气上的辅助和加强。

【例句】The Earth’s surface never gets so hot that water boils, but it evaporates easily nonetheless, since the partial pressure of water vapor in the air is always far below the “saturation vapor pressure,” which means the maximum water partial pressure of air before water droplets start to condense.

翻译：地球表面从不热到水沸腾，但是水仍然非常容易蒸发，因为空气中水蒸气的分压在它的饱和蒸汽压，也就是空气中水蒸汽开始凝结的******水分压，之下很多。

nevertheless辅助增强but转折的语气

【例句】At first, rock music has challenged the basic values of the culture in which it emerged: not all at the same time, not always overcautiously, certainly not premeditatedly, but firmly nonetheless.

翻译：从一开始，摇滚乐就挑战了孕育它的文化的基本价值观：并不是同时挑战了所有，也不畏手畏脚，当然也不是处心积虑的，但这却很坚定。

nonetheless辅助增强but转折的语气

考法 3.表示时间的的连接词补充

till/until单独使用的时候，表示其后连接的从句中的动作到这个时候即告停止，不再继续。until较till更加正式。“It is not until… that…”是固定用法，翻译为“不到…时候不…”或“直到…时候才…”。

【例句】You weren’t in until the clock struck two.

翻译：你到钟敲2点才进来。

【例句】It is not until people lose their health that they know the blessing of it.

翻译：直到人们失去健康的时候才知道它的可贵。

as可以表达三种时间状态，第一，一个动作正在进行，另外一个动作开始发生;第二，两个动作同时进行;第三，一个动作随着另外一个动作的发展而发展。

【例句】As I left the house, I rememeber the key.

翻译：在我刚要离开屋子的时候，我想起了钥匙。

l left the house正在发生，remember开始发生

【例句】He trembled as he spoke.

翻译：他说话的时候发抖。

l trembled和spoke同时发生

【例句】As he became richer, he had fewer friends.

翻译：他越富有朋友就越少。

l had fewer friends随着became richer的发展而发展

by the time表示叙述的另一件事情在此件事情之前完成，翻译为“到…的时候”。需要注意的是，by the time并非连词词性，所以其后如果接从句，需要用that引导，that可以省略。

【例句】By the time (that) he arrived, we had already left.

翻译：他到的时候，我们已经走了。

【例句】By the time (that) I leave this city, I will have been here for three month.

翻译：我离开这个城市的时候，我已经在这呆三个月了。

(练习一) 专项练习

请正确翻译下列句子

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavor in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenan.On the other, it links these concepts to everday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top.While serving as surgeon general during the early 1990’s, Antonia C, Novello endeavored to discourage teen smoking by reiterating prior demands that the tobacco industry c advertising directed at young people.

参考答案

1. 社会学科是知识探索的一个分支，它致力于研究人类及其所作所为，使用和自然科学家研究自然现象一样的理性的，有序的，系统的，冷静的方式。

2. 另一方面，它以一种平行于记者在报道和评论新闻时在日常事实上造假的方式与日常关系概念相连。

3. 我们也许会嫉妒他们取得的成就和名望，但是我们也应该认识到他们在这些方面可能付出的代价：坚持不懈、专心、奉献、个人生活受限、对精力和时间需求，以及他们间隔多长时间就要不得不鼓起勇气来坚持自身的正直，或者坚持自己的方式来到达顶点。

4. 20世纪90年时，安东尼亚诺维罗是一名卫生局局长，致力于阻止青少年吸烟，重申了之前减少针对年轻人的烟草行业广告需求。